OSI standard published: Protocol Wars

Many agreed on the goal: to develop a global network of networks, or an “internet” in the parlance of the time. They don't agree on how. By the early 1980s, several different national and corporate protocols are competing with each other. OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) is the first with international backing, and support from the International Standards Organization as an official standard. Begun in 1977 by a member of a team that pioneered internetworking on the French CYCLADES network, OSI is officially published in 1984.

Digital Equipment’s DECNET is a strong competitor. IBM’s System Network Architecture (SNA) dominates the world of corporate computing, and will carry the majority of the world’s networking traffic up through the late 1980s. The dark horse contender is ARPA’s Internet Protocols (TCP/IP), defined only by a self-governing community of those who have access to this closed network, mostly U.S. military and computer science researchers.

Feb 10, 2020. The Mac mini ships without a keyboard, mouse or monitor while the Mac Pro desktop unit does not include a monitor. An Apple brand keyboard and mouse costs from about $100 to $130 while an LCD Apple monitor costs from $900 to $1,800. Less expensive extras are available outside the Apple brand. Keyboards start at about $10 and monitors start at.

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